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HENRY W. ADAMS, OF MILTON, PENNSYLVANIA. Lettere Patent No.172,959, dated January 7, 186,8.

IMPROVEMENT Ir encens.-

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Be it known that I, HENRY W. ADAMS, of Milton, Northumberlhnd county,ond State/of Pennsylvania, have invented a. new and useful Improvement in Churns; and I dolliereby declnre that the following is a. full, clear, and exact description of the construction and operation of tho'same, refience being hed to the annexed drawings, making a. part of this specification, in which A Letter B represents the box for holding the cream; letter A, the cover of said box letters R R, the rockers attached to it; letters C C, the cleats uniting the box to the rockers;l ltters'D D, the dashers; letters E E, the grooves in which the dashers are secured in their places in the two opposite ends of the box; letter H, the handle for rocking the churn; letter G, the hinge of the cover ,letter F,thc`button to festen the cover downto the box; letter P, the plug which stops the orifice for drawing od the buttermilk.v

The following is a. clear', full, and exact description of the construction' of ,the seid churn: The material-.i employed in its manufacture are sound boards, one inch thick, plened and jointed, and'fastened irmly together with nails, or screws, which nre preferable. For a. prcctical family churn,`suita.ble for churning from ve to twenty pounds of 'butter at one time, the following' dimensions are proper: Four feet long, one foot wide, and one foot deep. The cover is two feet long, placed on the top of tho box, und equally distant frornits two opposite ends. It is secured by a. hinge to the top of the box, and swings over against the handle H. '.lwo boards, each one foot square, cre irmly and permanently fastened to the ltopoi' the box, one in front of the cover, and the other in its rear. The handle H is about four fee't long, and about one inch and o. half in diameter. It may be screwed on permanently to theend of. the box, so as to allow three feet and a. heli' of its length to extend above it;ror it may be ttedV into o. mortise or round hole in a piece of wood or metal, secured to the end of the churn, and slipped in or out, as convenience may require. The rockers are o part of o. circle, and are four feet and a half long, und eight inches across their widest and middle per-t, cmd hnlf au inch deep at the two ends. They nre attached to the box, so that their ends ore iiush with that end of it'to which the handle is attached, and project eight inches, or thereebouts, beyond the other end. They are firmly secured to the box by two cleats of wood, G C, which, are about eight inches long, and three inches wide, and half an inch thick. They nre fastened by inch and a. quarter screws. One half of their length is attached to the rockers, and the other half to the box, and about onelfoot from euch end. The sides of the rockers, when thus united, are iiush with the sides of the box. The holewhich is filled bythe plug P is one inch and a. heli' in diameter, inserted in the end of the box, and as near its bottom as possible,.soas to draw ofi' all the buttermilk, cndelso the water with which the churnis scolded and washed. The two opposite and under sides of the cover are fitted with two strips of board, about one inch ond n. half wide, which shut down with the cover, and make a. close joint with it and the sides ofthe box, to prevent the escape of cream during th'e time of churning. `For the same purpose, both ends of the covermvlien closed, rest upon o. bed made of a. narrow strip of boord, fastened to the under side of the top of the churn, and projecting out about one inch. The two doshers nre made of hard and welli seasoned wood. lhey are one foot wide and fourteen inches long, and one inch thick. Theyare perforatedV with holes one inch in diameter, or thereabouts, and as near together as possible without endangering the split. ting or weakening oi' the wood. As it is of prime importance that these dashers should be made in the manner best adopted to secure their intended effect, I will describe more minutcly their, construction. rlhere should be bored through each of them seventy-seven holes one inch in diameter. rhey should be c triiie less then one-third of an inch apart, and arranged thus: the first row should be bored one inch from the oud of the dasher, so as to leere that much length of solid wood to prevent splitting, and should consist of nine holes just threctenths of au inch apart. 'As twelve inches is the widthoi the dasher, nne-inchl1oles,nnd teu divisions of wood between them, oi"threctenths oi` on inch each, exactly occupy it. vThe second row of holes consists of eight, the third of nine, the fourth of eight, the fifth of nine, thc 4sixth of eight, the seventh of nine, the eighth of eight, ond the ninth ot`- nine. Thew centres of each row are precisely one inch and three-cighths of an inch spart; or rather, they cut parallel straight lines, drown this distance apart, across the doshers. But the centres of the holes of the second row are directly opposite the divisions between the holes ot the first row. Such is the onse with respect to every alternate row, comprised of eight holes. The dashers being fourteen inches long, will contain nine rows 'of holes, tive of nine holes,'and four of eight, numbering seventy-seven in all, and one hundred and fifty-four in both. The two end rows willcontain nine holes each, and their centres will be just one inch and a halffrom the end.l To get the centres of all the holes exactly, the surface of the dashers should be laid out with a rule before the holes are bored. Their dimensions being fourteen inches long' and twelve inches wide, parallel straight lines should be drawn across the side which measures twelve inches wide, jiist one inch and three-eighths apart, beginning one inch and a'half from the end. This will bring thelast of the nine' lines an inch and a half from the other end. Then draw parallel straight lines across the side which measuresfourteen inches, just one inch and three-tenths apart, beginning eight-tenths of an inch from the edge. Wherev these two sets of lines cross each other at right angles will be the centres ofthe holes which comprise the rows containing nine. .Then draw other parallel straight lines half way between those lust'drawn, :ind where they cross those first drawn at right angles, will be the -centres of the holes comprising` the rows containing eight. The wood of which th'ese dashcrs is composed should be hard and tough, and of the-bestquality. They are secured in each end ofthe churn in grooves, composed of strips of wood firmly screwed tothe sides ofthe churn. Their position is all-important, in order to accomplish the objectior which they areintended.A saythisbeeause I have placed themin every conceivable manner, and tested their comparative eicieney. Th realize their mairimum value, and'accomplish the .purposes for which they are designed, and which will be more fully explaned\ in a subsequent part of this specification, they must be placed in thesaid grooves in such a manner that their rear ends shall rest on the bottom of the churn, and against its extreme ends, and their front endsA be elevated five inches, or 'thereabouts, above the bottom. In this position they malte an acute' angle with the bottom of the box. If the front ends were raiscd any higher, their full effect would'bc prevented. The cream, during the operation of churning, would pass under theVK dashers, and only through the holesin their lower parts; whereas it is necessary, in order that all the holes in my dashers may be filled with cream shooting through them when the churn is in-motion, thdt the front ends of the dashers shouldbe no higher than -the depth ofthe cream which passes under them through the raceway, so that it may riseup to and driveinto'and through all the holes inA them. This is the sole guide in determining the angle they should make with the bottom of the churn. But in a churn having the dimensions ofthe one I am new describing, five inches distance between the front ends of the dashers and the bottom of the churn is a greatl plenty. They are made to slide into and out of'tlieir grooves with ease, at the convenience of the operator.

Having thus given a full, clear, and exact description of the construction of my churn, so thatany ordinary worker of wood can build it, I will new explain its practical operation, and show what I consider tolle its novelty, utility, and public importance.

Before the operation of churning is commenced, the cream should be properly prepared. This is of prime importance when time and the quality of the butter are considered. It should be brought to a temperatureof 55". During its agitation it will 'rise te 60 or 65. If warmer, the butter is liable to be too soft and oily, and if colder, it will be longer in coming. It should also be sutiicientlythin to low readily from one end of the churn to the other when it is rocked. This is best effected by putting strippings into the cream every day, or skimming ofi' the top of the milk with the cream,'or pouring into the cream in the churn a pan or two full of milk with the cream on it. When thus prepared, the cream is putinto the churn, the coverrbuttoned down,'and the rocking motion commenced by means of l1and-power applied to thehandle'H. The result will be that 'the cream will flow alternately from one end of the churn to the other, and into the wedge-shaped compartments at each end, of which the two dashers constitute the tops, and the bottom and sides of the churn the other" three sides, with a momentum equal to the quantity multiplied by the velocity, and will be forced into them with so much impetus und pressure as to shoot up in divided streams, compressed with violence, and ejected swiftly from all the seventy-seven holes in the dashers; and in its ascent, as it leaps up into the upper part of the churn, eicposing the whole body of the cream, in separate currents, as well as to .the breakingend rupturing friction to which it is powerfully subjected in passing through so many perforations under a pressure so sudden and. violentA By this dashing power, so efficacious and often repeated, the biftter-globules are ruptured so quickly and thoroughly, during an easy, rocking motion, which a child can perform, that in from live to fifteen minutes the entire amount of butter which the cream is capable of making, is granulated and gathered into n. floating mass, of prime and superior quality. The two dashers are now withdrawn from their grooves, a little cold water dashed on them while still in the churn, to clean oil' the adhering lumps of butter, and by a few rocking motions the whole product is collected together and made ready to be removed and prepared for use in the usual manner. The plug l?, in the end of the box, is now taken out, and the buttermilk run olf through the orifice thus opened' Having given a full, clear, and exact description of the two principal `features of my invention, whielrfl consider to be especially novel and useful, .what I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. The construction and arrangement of the two dashers D D, in combination with the churn B, substantially in the manner and for the purposes described., y l l 2. TheV rockers R R, in combination with the churn B, whenv connected and voperated substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein set forth.

' HENRYl W. ADAMS.

Witnesses:

DANIEL BUnNMAN, ISAAC STnIKnn. 

